Introduction CubeSats have revolutionized space exploration by offering a cost-effective and modular platform for scientific research, Earth observation, and technology demonstrations. However, as mission requirements grow more complex—ranging from orbital maneuvering to deep-space exploration—the need for efficient propulsion systems has become critical. As CubeSats revolutionize access to space with their …

In the face of accelerating climate change and a growing interest in space exploration, the aerospace industry finds itself at a critical juncture. Traditional rocket propulsion systems, while powerful, are notoriously polluting—emitting tons of greenhouse gases, black carbon, and other harmful particulates into the atmosphere. As humanity sets its sights …