As a vessel travels under or on the surface of water, it causes a detectable local disturbance in Earth’s magnetic field. This disturbance, referred to as the magnetic signature, makes the vessel vulnerable to enemy defense systems. In submarine warfare, adversaries use increasingly sophisticated magnetic sensor and signal processing equipment to …

Currently, most vehicles rely on internal combustion engines for locomotion; however, a significant shift toward partial and complete electrification is likely to emerge as an alternative propulsion system for vehicles. An internal combustion engine system is highly cost-effective and hence, its usage is higher than other propulsion systems. Being a …