Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a promising material for integrated photonics, with a wide range of potential applications including telecommunications, sensing, and optical computing. LiNbO3 is a ferroelectric material, meaning that it has a permanent electric polarization. This polarization can be controlled by applying an external electric field, which makes LiNbO3 …

Light confinement is a fascinating phenomenon that has been studied extensively in the field of optics. It refers to the ability to control the propagation of light by confining it to a certain region or path. In this article, we will explore what light confinement is, how it works, and …