Introduction Submarines are versatile and vital assets in modern naval warfare, serving a multitude of roles that range from intelligence gathering and reconnaissance,  covert insertion and extraction of special forces, attacking enemy submarines and their surface warships, mine laying, to other littoral or choke point operations. Their ability to operate …

Introduction The space industry, once dominated by government initiatives and characterized by high costs and risks, is undergoing a significant transformation. This change is being driven by the principles of Industry 4.0, the fourth industrial revolution characterized by increased automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. In this article, we …