For centuries, light microscopy has greatly facilitated our understanding of how cells function. In fact, entire fields of biology have emerged from images acquired under light microscopes. Indeed, one major element that makes light microscopy so powerful in biological research is the development of various staining methods that permit the …

In the broadest sense a spectrometer is any instrument that is used to measure the variation of a physical characteristic over a given range; i.e. a spectrum. This could be a mass-to-charge ratio spectrum in the case of a mass spectrometer, the variation of nuclear resonant frequencies in an NMR …

Graphene is a 1-atom-thick layer of tightly bonded carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Graphene the world’s first 2D nanomaterial, is widely regarded as the “wonder material” of the 21st century due to the combination of its extraordinary properties. As a single layer of graphite, it is the thinnest …