Introduction: In an era marked by the increasing militarization of outer space, the  United States Department of Defense (DOD) has embarked on an ambitious mission in recent years—to enhance its Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), and Space Battle Management capabilities.  With several nations developing anti-satellite weapons and …

Introduction As we venture into the limitless expanse of space with aspirations of exploration and colonization, spacecraft face an unprecedented set of challenges. Beyond Earth’s protective embrace, these vessels must endure extreme temperature fluctuations that range from searing heat in direct sunlight to bone-chilling cold in the shadows of celestial …