Steganography is the art of concealing a message or information within another seemingly innocent message. The word “steganography” comes from the Greek words “steganos,” meaning “covered,” and “graphein,” meaning “to write.” In other words, steganography is the art of hiding a message in plain sight. Steganography differs from cryptography because …

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a promising material for integrated photonics, with a wide range of potential applications including telecommunications, sensing, and optical computing. LiNbO3 is a ferroelectric material, meaning that it has a permanent electric polarization. This polarization can be controlled by applying an external electric field, which makes LiNbO3 …