All modern personal computers including desktops, notebooks, smartphones, and tablets, are examples of general-purpose computers. General-purpose computing incorporates ‘Von Neumann’ approach, which states that an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur simultaneously. Therefore, being sequential machines, their performance is also limited. On the other hand, we have the …

Embedded systems, the silent heroes of modern technology, quietly perform dedicated functions within larger systems, seamlessly integrating into our daily lives. These systems, a blend of hardware and software, cater to diverse needs, from powering smart appliances to steering critical infrastructure. However, with connectivity comes vulnerability, and embedded systems are …