In communication applications like the internet, the most simple form of optical communication is with a single fiber consisting of a single wavelength laser TX/RX scheme. In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different …

One of biggest threat to  the deployed aerospace and defense electronics systems is radiation. Long term exposure of astronauts to radiation   is equally challenging. This force can occur naturally in space and at high altitudes on Earth, or can come in massive doses from the detonation of nuclear weapons. Deep-space and …

Bitcoin is a digital currency that allows for the transfer of payment between two parties, without the help of a bank—and without government oversight. On average, more than 250,000 bitcoin transactions occur every day, and with a market capitalization in excess of $66 billion, bitcoin has become the largest cryptocurrency in …

Some 1 million people suffer traumatic brain injuries annually. Concussion can cause inner ear damage that can cause dizziness, anxiety, depression, moodiness, balance problems and irritability, said Elizabeth Kirkpatrick, the physical therapist for the Fort Drum Traumatic Brain Injury Clinic. The three different forms of TBI—severe, moderate, and mild—all manifest …

Consumer electronics constitute a rapidly increasing source of waste. Cell phones, tablets and the like are typically made of non-renewable, non-biodegradable, partly environmentally toxic materials. A report from United Nations University (UNU) found that the world produced 41.8 million metric tons of e-waste in 2014 – an amount that would fill …

When body armor and bulletproof vests reach the end of their service life, law enforcement and military organizations must dispose of ballistic materials in accordance with National Institute of Justice (NIJ) regulations. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) has provided a publication, Guide to Body Armor, which lays out standards …

The Global Consumer Electronics Market revenue stood at a value of USD 728.1 Billion in the year 2021 and is expected to reach a value USD 964.6 Billion in the year 2028. Consumer electronic products including personal and home electronics are full of components that rely on materials for proper …

In the past mobile phones were used only to make calls but with the introduction of smartphones, the mobile phone has evolved into a low-powered handheld processing system. This evolution was caused by the operating system for mobile phones making them smart that have processing and storage of their own. …