The dominant mode of communication today uses antennas to transmit information carrying high frequency signals using antennas which at the receive site produce an electrical signal which is amplified and demodulated by the receiver equipment. However this form of communication is limited by line of sight propagation limiting the range …

A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory. Most cameras produced today are digital, largely replacing those that capture images on photographic film.   Digital and digital movie cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an …

In communication applications like the internet, the most simple form of optical communication is with a single fiber consisting of a single wavelength laser TX/RX scheme. In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different …

Cyber threats have become an increasingly important issue for businesses and individuals alike. As technology continues to evolve and become more integrated into our daily lives, cyber criminals are finding new and innovative ways to exploit vulnerabilities in the digital world.   Cyberattacks are frequent and increasingly complex, perpetrated by …

One of biggest threat to  the deployed aerospace and defense electronics systems is radiation. Long term exposure of astronauts to radiation   is equally challenging. This force can occur naturally in space and at high altitudes on Earth, or can come in massive doses from the detonation of nuclear weapons. Deep-space and …

Bitcoin is a digital currency that allows for the transfer of payment between two parties, without the help of a bank—and without government oversight. On average, more than 250,000 bitcoin transactions occur every day, and with a market capitalization in excess of $66 billion, bitcoin has become the largest cryptocurrency in …

Some 1 million people suffer traumatic brain injuries annually. Concussion can cause inner ear damage that can cause dizziness, anxiety, depression, moodiness, balance problems and irritability, said Elizabeth Kirkpatrick, the physical therapist for the Fort Drum Traumatic Brain Injury Clinic. The three different forms of TBI—severe, moderate, and mild—all manifest …

Most spacecraft propulsion concepts can be classified into two categories: chemical and electric. Chemical propulsion relies on chemical reactions and can produce high thrust, but requires a large amount of fuel. Electric propulsion uses electromagnetic fields to accelerate ionized gases and is very fuel-efficient, but produces small amounts of thrust …