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India and the United States, two of the largest democracies, have cultivated a robust partnership in various domains, with intelligence cooperation emerging as a cornerstone of their strategic relationship. This collaboration underscores the shared values and common challenges the two nations face in an increasingly complex global security environment.
Historical Context
The India-US intelligence partnership has evolved significantly, especially in the post-Cold War era. Historically, Cold War geopolitics kept the two nations at arm’s length. However, the turn of the century marked a shift in their relationship, catalyzed by shared concerns over terrorism, cyber threats, and regional stability in South Asia. The September 11, 2001 attacks in the US and the 2008 Mumbai attacks in India were pivotal moments that galvanized deeper intelligence sharing and counterterrorism collaboration.
Key Areas of Cooperation
Earlier this year, the two nations co-chaired the US-India Homeland Security Dialogue, focusing on areas such as counterterrorism, cybersecurity, counter-narcotics, and irregular migration. This dialogue underscores the shared commitment to enhancing security frameworks while fostering trust—a crucial element in intelligence sharing.
1. Counterterrorism
The fight against terrorism remains a critical area of India-US intelligence collaboration. The 11 September event in 2001 changed US perception on terrorism and elimination of global terrorist networks became a priority. This also led to understanding the Indian menace of cross-border terrorism which it was confronting since the latter part of the 1980s. India-US Counter-Terrorism Cooperation Initiative was signed in 2010 to expand bilateral collaboration between the two countries on various counter-terrorism initiatives such as exchange of information, operational cooperation, and developing and sharing counter-terrorism technology and equipment.
The 11 September event in 2001 changed US perception on terrorism and elimination of global terrorist networks became a priority. This also led to understanding the Indian menace of cross-border terrorism which it was confronting since the latter part of the 1980s. India-US Counter-Terrorism Cooperation Initiative was signed in 2010 to expand bilateral collaboration between the two countries on various counter-terrorism initiatives such as exchange of information, operational cooperation, and developing and sharing counter-terrorism technology and equipment.
Joint efforts focus on tracking terrorist networks, sharing intelligence on threats emanating from groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), and coordinating counterterrorism strategies. Both nations have committed to dismantling terrorist networks and have called on Pakistan to take tangible action against terrorist groups operating from its soil. India joined the US Homeland Security Presidential Directive-6 (HSPD-6) to exchange biographic information related to terrorists. Both countries have conducted joint exercises to practice counter-insurgency and anti-terrorist operations. The establishment of the Homeland Security Dialogue and joint working groups further institutionalizes this cooperation.
2. Cybersecurity and Emerging Threats
With the increasing digitization of national infrastructures, India and the US are aligning efforts to counter cyber threats. In the realm of cybersecurity, the two countries have agreed to promote cyber security, combat cybercrime, and advance norms of responsible state behavior in cyberspace. Recognizing the growing threats and challenges in cyberspace and the serious risks to national security from malicious cyber activity, both Sides reaffirmed working together to promote cyber security, combat cyber-crime, advance norms of responsible state behavior in cyberspace, improve cooperation among technical and law enforcement agencies, and promote cyber R&D and capacity building. The signing of the Framework for the India-US Cyber Relationship highlights their commitment to addressing threats in the digital domain and enhancing cooperation on cyber defense. Initiatives like the US-India Cyber Dialogue facilitate sharing of expertise and intelligence to combat cyberattacks, ransomware, and state-sponsored hacking activities.
3. Maritime Security and Regional Stability
The Indo-Pacific region, a critical area for global trade and security, has become a focal point of India-US intelligence efforts. Both nations share intelligence on maritime threats, including piracy, illegal fishing, and potential adversarial actions in the region. Their cooperation under the Quad framework (India, the US, Japan, and Australia) enhances intelligence sharing and joint readiness.
This region, with its maritime and space domains, presents unique opportunities for real-time intelligence sharing. Enhanced cooperation can bolster responses to transnational challenges, including terrorism, cyber threats, and territorial disputes, enabling both nations to address security concerns proactively. India’s Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) exemplifies how real-time information sharing can bolster maritime domain awareness.
The idea of an “information quadrilateral,” connecting key bases like Minicoy Island, Diego Garcia, and Djibouti, represents a significant leap. This collaborative framework can counter emerging challenges, such as Chinese surveillance activities, while reinforcing the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) vision.
4. Space and Satellite Intelligence
Satellites play a vital role in modern intelligence operations. India and the US are deepening their collaboration on space-based surveillance, satellite imaging, and tracking to monitor strategic developments and natural disasters.
5. Border Security:
Post-Galwan clashes with China, India’s border security along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) has become a focal area for intelligence cooperation. Advanced technologies, such as geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) and UAVs, can enhance real-time data collection and threat analysis. A joint approach in this domain could transform border defense strategies while promoting sovereignty.
Mechanisms of Collaboration
The United States and India have mechanisms to advance their defense cooperation, including regular bilateral defense dialogues, joint military exercises, and defense trade and technology collaboration. They have also enhanced intelligence sharing and counterterrorism cooperation, conducting joint naval patrols in the Indian Ocean.
Bilateral Agreements and Dialogues
Over the years, India and the US have formalized intelligence cooperation through agreements like the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA). These agreements enable secure intelligence sharing and interoperability between the two nations’ defense and intelligence systems.
The signing of the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) in 2016 marked a significant milestone, allowing both countries to access each other’s military bases for refueling and resupply. This agreement facilitated closer operational coordination and demonstrated a growing level of trust.
Further strengthening this collaboration was the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) in 2018. COMCASA enabled secure communication between the Indian and US militaries, enhancing interoperability and situational awareness. These agreements paved the way for real-time intelligence sharing, crucial for monitoring and countering regional threats, particularly from China.
The Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), the third of the “foundational” pacts that aims to bring the armed forces of the two countries closer. BECA would lead to sharing information relating to various kind of data, whether it is imagery, hydrological, topographical or other kinds of data.
Joint Exercises and Training
Military exercises like Yudh Abhyas and Malabar often include components of intelligence sharing and analysis, allowing personnel from both countries to learn and collaborate in real-time scenarios.
Technology Transfers and Integration
India’s growing defense modernization efforts benefit from the transfer of cutting-edge technologies from the US. These technologies enhance India’s capabilities in surveillance, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare.
Institutional Alignment and Future Prospects
By establishing smoother channels for sharing sensitive information, the partnership can adapt to rapidly changing threats. The introduction of advanced technologies and structured coordination between agencies could redefine how intelligence serves shared strategic objectives in the Indo-Pacific.
For intelligence collaboration to reach its full potential, structural alignment between Indian and US agencies is essential. Establishing a hotline between the National Investigation Agency (NIA) and the FBI/CIA can foster direct communication, while regular engagements at higher levels can sustain momentum. National Security Advisors (NSAs) can play a pivotal role in steering niche collaborations, particularly in technology partnerships.
To institutionalize these efforts, a formal framework for bilateral intelligence cooperation is needed. Such a framework would consolidate existing gains and provide a roadmap for tackling evolving security challenges. Expanding the scope of the Homeland Security Dialogue to include critical sectors like aviation and capacity-building initiatives will further enhance cooperation.
Challenges
Despite the growing strategic partnership, historical mistrust stemming from Cold War alignments and differing national security priorities often act as roadblocks. For instance, India has been cautious about sharing sensitive intelligence, fearing leaks or misuse, while the U.S. remains wary of India’s longstanding ties with nations like Russia. Overcoming these trust deficits requires confidence-building measures, such as regular communication and joint training exercises, to align their long-term security interests.
Data Sensitivity: The exchange of intelligence carries inherent risks, particularly around the protection of classified data and preventing potential leaks. Both nations must address vulnerabilities in their cybersecurity infrastructure to safeguard shared intelligence. Furthermore, differences in data classification standards and operational procedures can complicate seamless collaboration, requiring robust frameworks for secure information exchange.
Trust remains the cornerstone of any bilateral intelligence relationship. The recent case involving Khalistani leader Gurpatwant Singh Pannun spotlighted the complexities in India-US intelligence sharing. The issue highlighted not just the need for transparency but also the necessity of aligning structural processes between agencies. While trust is indispensable, structural alignment is equally critical to achieving seamless interoperability.
Opportunities
Countering China’s Influence
The shared perception of China as a strategic challenge, particularly its assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific, has created a fertile ground for cooperation. Joint efforts in monitoring Chinese activities in maritime and cyber domains can serve mutual interests. Enhanced collaboration through mechanisms like the Quad (India, the U.S., Japan, and Australia) offers a platform to pool intelligence resources, ensuring a coordinated response to Beijing’s maneuvers.
Expanding Technological Collaboration
Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and cyber defense present significant opportunities for India and the U.S. to strengthen their partnership. Collaborative research and development in these areas can provide preemptive solutions to modern threats, ranging from cyberattacks to misinformation campaigns. Establishing joint innovation hubs or technology exchanges can accelerate advancements, benefiting both nations and reinforcing their strategic alignment.
The Road Ahead
India-US intelligence cooperation is set to deepen further, driven by shared strategic interests and the evolving global security landscape. As threats grow increasingly complex and transnational, timely intelligence sharing can ensure both nations remain ahead of the curve. As both nations navigate complex challenges, their collaboration will be pivotal in addressing issues ranging from regional terrorism to the rise of disruptive technologies. Strengthening this partnership not only enhances their national security but also contributes to global stability. By integrating advanced technologies, aligning institutional structures, and fostering trust, this partnership can pave the way for peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.
Referencs and Resources also include:
https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-us-intelligence-cooperation-leapfrogging-the-curve
