India’s National Quantum Mission: Industry-Led Innovation Supported by DST, ISRO, and DRDO to Win the Global Quantum Race

Launched in April 2023, the National Quantum Mission (NQM) is a landmark initiative by the Indian government, backed by a budget of ₹6,003 crore ($730 million). Designed to be implemented over an eight-year period (2023-2031), the mission aims to position India as a global leader in quantum technologies. By investing in research and development, the initiative seeks to ensure technological sovereignty in a domain that is set to redefine computing, communication, and security in the coming decades.

The mission encompasses several key objectives:

• Developing Quantum Computers: India aims to build quantum computers with 50-100 physical qubits by 2026, with a long-term goal of developing error-corrected logical qubits by 2031. Achieving this milestone would place India among the world’s leading nations in quantum computing.

• Advancing Quantum Communication: The mission focuses on establishing a secure quantum communication network through satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD) and fiber-optic quantum-secured links. This effort is crucial for ensuring data security in the era of quantum computing.

• Strengthening Quantum Sensing and Metrology: Quantum sensors hold immense potential in diverse fields, from ultra-precise navigation systems to advanced medical imaging and geophysical exploration. The mission aims to develop state-of-the-art quantum sensing technologies for various scientific and industrial applications.

• Boosting Quantum Materials and Device Development: The initiative will support the creation of next-generation materials such as superconductors, topological insulators, and quantum dots, which are essential for advancing quantum computing, quantum communication, and other quantum-enabled technologies.

• Building a Skilled Workforce: Recognizing the need for a strong talent pipeline, the mission includes training programs for scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs to cultivate a vibrant quantum technology ecosystem in India. By fostering academic and industry collaborations, the initiative aims to nurture expertise in quantum science and its practical applications.

With its multi-faceted approach, the National Quantum Mission is set to accelerate India’s progress in quantum research and technological innovation, ensuring the country remains at the forefront of this transformative field.

India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM) marks a strategic shift from traditional government-led research and development toward a more industry-driven innovation model. Recognizing the commercial potential of quantum technologies, the initiative actively integrates Indian enterprises, startups, and tech leaders into the global quantum value chain. By fostering industry participation, the mission ensures that quantum advancements move beyond academic research and translate into real-world applications.

Several key industry players are already making significant contributions:

• Tata Consultancy Services (TCS): Developing quantum algorithms tailored for enterprise applications, including optimization problems and complex simulations.
• Infosys and Wipro: Exploring quantum machine learning and financial modeling, aiming to enhance data analysis and risk assessment in the financial sector.
• Reliance Jio: Investing in quantum-safe cryptographic infrastructure to secure next-generation communication networks.
• HCL Technologies: Focusing on quantum cybersecurity solutions to counter emerging threats posed by quantum computing to encryption and data security.
• BosonQ Psi and Qulabs.ai: Leading Indian quantum startups working on quantum simulations and quantum communication technologies, pushing the boundaries of homegrown innovation.

To further accelerate industry participation, the government is actively promoting public-private partnerships (PPPs), venture capital investments, and international collaborations. This approach not only strengthens India’s position in the global quantum ecosystem but also ensures that advancements in quantum technology lead to commercially viable solutions across multiple sectors.

India has been making remarkable progress in quantum science and technology, driven by the efforts of key government organizations such as the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). These agencies are actively fostering innovation in quantum computing, communication, cryptography, and sensing technologies, ensuring India remains competitive in the global quantum race.

Department of Science and Technology (DST)

As the nodal agency for quantum research in India, DST plays a critical role in spearheading the National Quantum Mission (NQM), which was approved on April 19, 2023, with a budget of ₹6,003.65 crore. The mission aims to establish India as a key player in quantum technology by funding scientific research, fostering industrial collaboration, and nurturing a skilled workforce. A major initiative under the NQM is the creation of Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs), focusing on four core areas: quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials. These hubs serve as innovation centers, driving interdisciplinary research and technological breakthroughs. Additionally, DST has collaborated with the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) to introduce undergraduate courses in quantum technologies, ensuring the development of a strong talent pipeline.

Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)

C-DAC is playing a pivotal role in developing quantum simulation and cryptographic technologies. One of its key achievements is the Quantum Computing Simulator (QSim), which provides researchers with a platform to design and test quantum algorithms in a simulated environment. This initiative allows Indian scientists and engineers to explore quantum computing without requiring access to physical quantum processors. Furthermore, C-DAC is actively engaged in quantum communication and post-quantum cryptography, essential for securing data in an era where quantum computers could break existing encryption protocols.

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

With national security at stake, DRDO is heavily investing in quantum cryptography and quantum-enhanced defense technologies. One of its most notable advancements is in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), enabling ultra-secure communication resistant to cyber threats. DRDO has successfully demonstrated QKD over optical fiber networks spanning over 100 kilometers. Additionally, its Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) technology ensures high-quality randomness, a critical requirement for secure cryptographic applications. Beyond communication, DRDO is also exploring quantum radars for stealth aircraft detection and next-generation quantum navigation systems, which can provide high-precision positioning without relying on traditional GPS.

Scientists from DRDO Young Scientists Laboratory for Quantum Technologies (DYSL-QT), Pune and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai have completed end-to-end testing of a 6-qubit quantum processor based on superconducting circuit technology. The demonstration was carried out in front of the apex committee overseeing the DYSL-QT. This included submitting a quantum circuit from a cloud-based interface, the execution of the programme on the quantum hardware and updating the cloud interface with computed results.

The project being executed at TIFR Mumbai’s Colaba campus is a three-way collaboration between DYSL-QT, TIFR and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). The DYSL-QT scientists put together the control and measurement apparatus using a combination of commercial off-the-shelf electronics and custom-programmed development boards. The qubits were designed and fabricated at TIFR and the quantum processor architecture is based on a novel ring-resonator design invented at TIFR. The cloud-based interface to the quantum hardware is developed by TCS.

The scientists are now working on optimising various aspects of the system performance before it becomes ready for operation. Plans are underway to provide wider access to this system for education, research and eventually as a test bed for testing superconducting quantum devices for analysis. The next development target is to scale up the number of Qubits and assess the scaling trends with respect to technology challenges, development effort/time and monetary resources required for development, operations & commercialisation of various sizes of quantum computers. This will involve a holistic view from the quantum theory to engineering to business feasibility.

Strategic Support from DST, ISRO, and DRDO

While industry is driving commercialization, government agencies like DST, ISRO, and DRDO provide the scientific, technological, and security foundation necessary for India’s quantum mission. ISRO is actively working on quantum satellite communication, developing QKD satellites to establish an unhackable quantum-secured network. Inspired by China’s Micius satellite, ISRO’s initiatives aim to enhance space-based quantum sensing for Earth observation and deep-space missions. Meanwhile, DRDO’s focus on quantum cryptographic military networks and stealth detection technologies strengthens India’s defense infrastructure against emerging cyber threats.

By combining government-led scientific research with industry-driven innovation, India’s quantum ecosystem is evolving rapidly. The National Quantum Mission is not just about catching up with global leaders but positioning India as a frontrunner in the next technological revolution, ensuring both economic and national security advantages in the quantum era.

India’s Growing Quantum Startup Ecosystem

India’s quantum technology ecosystem is rapidly expanding, with over 40 quantum startups emerging in the past two years, some of which hold global potential. Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh emphasized the crucial role of startups in driving quantum innovation, highlighting QuNu Labs, a Bangalore-based startup incubated at IIT Madras, which has partnered with the Technology Development Board (TDB) to develop quantum security solutions. With increased government support through initiatives like the National Quantum Mission (NQM) and funding mechanisms such as the National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI), India is fostering a strong quantum startup culture, enabling cutting-edge advancements in quantum computing, communication, and cryptography.

Dr. Singh also noted that India is becoming a global startup hub, with its total startup count exceeding 1.25 lakh, including over 110 unicorns across various sectors, including space and quantum technologies. The country has made significant progress in global innovation rankings, jumping from 81st in 2015 to 40th in 2023, and ranks third globally in scientific publications and PhDs in science and engineering. With sustained investment in R&D and a strong emphasis on women’s participation in STEM through initiatives like ASPIRE, the Indian quantum startup landscape is poised for further growth, aiming to establish the nation as a leader in quantum science and technology.

India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM) is not merely an effort to catch up with global quantum advancements but a strategic initiative to lead the quantum revolution. With a unique combination of industry expertise, government backing, and international collaborations, India is well-positioned to become a major player in quantum technology. Several key factors contribute to this competitive advantage:

1. Strong IT Industry

India boasts one of the largest pools of software engineers in the world, providing a solid foundation for the development of quantum algorithms, quantum software, and cloud-based quantum computing platforms. Tech giants like TCS, Infosys, and Wipro are actively investing in quantum computing applications, ensuring that India remains at the forefront of quantum software development.

2. Thriving Startup Ecosystem

The emergence of quantum-focused startups is accelerating India’s progress in areas such as quantum cryptography, simulations, and communication. Government initiatives, venture capital funding, and corporate partnerships are helping companies like BosonQ Psi and Qulabs.ai drive innovation in quantum technologies. This rapidly growing ecosystem is positioning India as a hub for quantum entrepreneurship.

3. Government Commitment

The ₹6,003 crore ($730 million) National Quantum Mission is a well-structured, long-term initiative with clear milestones and dedicated funding. By ensuring sustained investment in quantum research and development, the Indian government is actively fostering a self-reliant quantum ecosystem that aligns with its broader technological sovereignty goals.

4. International Collaborations

India is actively partnering with leading global players in quantum research, including the United States, European Union, and Israel. These collaborations provide access to cutting-edge technologies, joint research opportunities, and knowledge exchange, helping India leapfrog in critical areas such as quantum computing, cryptography, and sensing.

Wipro has signed an MoU with Tel Aviv University’s QuanTAU to explore quantum computing applications in cybersecurity, quantum simulation, and material science. The collaboration focuses on developing quantum-enhanced cryptographic solutions for enterprise security, reinforcing Wipro’s commitment to leveraging next-generation quantum technologies.

IIT Alumni Council Partners with Russia to Build the World’s Largest Hybrid Quantum Computer

The Indian Institute of Technology’s Alumni Council has forged a landmark agreement with Lomonosov Moscow State University and Russoft to accelerate the development of quantum computing in India. Under this agreement, Russian state-owned enterprises will transfer critical technologies in cryogenics, cryptography, and modular cloud management to India. These components, owned by key Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) holders, will serve as foundational blocks for building the world’s largest and fastest hybrid quantum computer in India. This initiative aligns with India’s Quantum Mission and the vision of Atma Nirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India), aiming to integrate high-throughput quantum computing with distributed computing platforms, including smartphones and laptops.

Quantum computing, with its ability to process information several million times faster than India’s most powerful supercomputers, promises transformative applications across various industries. By drastically reducing the cost of genome sequencing—from over ₹1 lakh per test to under ₹1,000—it could revolutionize personalized medicine while reducing reliance on mass vaccination programs with potential safety concerns. Beyond healthcare, quantum simulations could optimize infrastructure planning, logistics, climate modeling, and artificial intelligence. The partnership also reflects the growing Indo-Russian collaboration in emerging fields such as space exploration, quantum security, and data protection.

IIT-Delhi Achieves 380 km Secure Quantum Communication Over Standard Telecom Fiber

Indian researchers at IIT-Delhi have set a global benchmark in secure quantum communication by demonstrating Differential Phase Shift Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) over 380 km of standard telecom fiber with an ultra-low quantum bit error rate (QBER). Published in Nature Scientific Reports, this breakthrough strengthens India’s cybersecurity capabilities by making quantum communication resistant to both collective and individual cyberattacks.

Quantum key distribution ensures ultra-secure encryption, protecting sensitive data in financial transactions, medical records, and government communications. This research significantly reduces the need for trusted nodes—intermediaries that could introduce security vulnerabilities—enhancing the feasibility of long-distance, intercity quantum communication networks. With applications in securing IoT networks and national defense infrastructure, this innovation marks a crucial step toward commercializing large-scale quantum communication systems in India.

Strategic Defense Applications

The integration of quantum technologies into national security is a major focus area for India. DRDO is developing quantum-secure military networks, quantum radars for stealth detection, and advanced quantum navigation systems, giving India a strong edge in defense and cybersecurity. This strategic investment ensures that quantum breakthroughs also contribute to India’s military superiority and secure communication infrastructure.

Indian Army’s Adoption of QKD Technology

The Indian Army has issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) for QNu’s QKD technology, following a successful 150 km secure quantum link trial under the iDEX defense initiative. This milestone showcases India’s advancements in quantum-secure military communications, ensuring future-proof encryption for sensitive defense networks.

In December 2021, the Indian Army, with support from the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS), established a dedicated Quantum Lab at the Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE) in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh. This initiative is part of India’s long-term strategy to integrate quantum technology into national defense, ensuring preparedness for the post-quantum era.

With research focused on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Quantum Communication, Quantum Computing, and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), the lab is set to transform India’s military communication networks. Quantum cryptography will enable secure battlefield communications resistant to cyber threats, while quantum computing will enhance military logistics, intelligence analysis, and strategic decision-making. The initiative also fosters civil-military collaboration, involving academia (IITs), the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), research institutions, startups, and industry leaders in fielding cutting-edge quantum solutions.

India’s advancements in quantum computing, secure communication, and military applications reflect its commitment to achieving technological sovereignty. By investing in next-generation quantum technologies, India is positioning itself at the forefront of the quantum revolution, ensuring strategic advantages in both civilian and defense applications.

A Quantum Future for India

By leveraging its technological strengths, startup ecosystem, and global partnerships, India is positioning itself as a key player in the global quantum race. With a structured roadmap and strong national commitment, the country is set to transform its quantum ambitions into tangible advancements, shaping the future of secure communications, computing, and defense applications.

While India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM) is a bold step toward global leadership in quantum technology, several key challenges must be addressed to ensure its success. Overcoming these hurdles will require long-term investment, talent development, and strategic collaboration.

1. Talent Shortage

Quantum technology is an interdisciplinary field, demanding expertise in quantum physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, and computer science. However, India currently faces a limited pool of quantum researchers and engineers. To bridge this gap, initiatives such as specialized academic programs, industry-academia partnerships, and international research exchanges are crucial in cultivating a skilled quantum workforce.

2. Hardware Development Bottlenecks

While India has made significant progress in quantum software and algorithms, developing reliable quantum processors, cryogenic systems, and quantum error correction techniques remains a challenge. Unlike traditional computing, quantum hardware requires ultra-low temperature environments and high-precision fabrication, areas where India must strengthen its research infrastructure through public and private sector collaboration.

3. Global Competition

The quantum race is intensifying, with China, the US, and the EU investing tens of billions into quantum research and commercialization. China, for instance, has demonstrated breakthroughs in quantum satellite communication and high-qubit quantum processors, while the US leads in quantum computing platforms developed by companies like IBM, Google, and Rigetti. To remain competitive, India must accelerate its research efforts and foster stronger international partnerships to access cutting-edge advancements.

4. Scalability of Quantum Networks

While quantum communication and cryptography hold immense potential for secure national infrastructure, scaling up quantum-secure networks across India poses a significant challenge. Establishing a robust quantum key distribution (QKD) network will require upgrading existing fiber-optic infrastructure, deploying quantum satellites, and ensuring interoperability with classical communication systems. This demands both government funding and private sector innovation.

Turning Challenges into Opportunities

Despite these obstacles, India has the potential to leapfrog into global quantum leadership by:
✔ Investing in quantum education and workforce development
✔ Strengthening quantum hardware R&D through industry-academic collaboration
✔ Forging international partnerships for knowledge exchange
✔ Scaling up quantum communication infrastructure with private-sector involvement

By addressing these challenges through strategic execution and sustained funding, India can establish itself as a global powerhouse in quantum computing, secure communications, and next-generation sensing technologies. The road ahead is complex, but with the right policies and investments, India’s quantum ambitions can become a reality.