In today’s world, energy consumption is estimated at 12 billion tons of oil equivalent (TOE), with projections suggesting a potential two- to threefold increase by the beginning of the 22nd century. Simultaneously, fossil fuel reserves—comprising oil, coal, and natural gas—are depleting, and their extraction costs are climbing. Presently, around 78–80% …

In the realm of materials science and optics, photonic crystals stand out as a revolutionary concept with the potential to transform how we control and utilize light. These unique structures have captured the imagination of researchers and engineers alike, promising advancements across a range of fields from telecommunications to solar …