Introduction As we venture into the limitless expanse of space with aspirations of exploration and colonization, spacecraft face an unprecedented set of challenges. Beyond Earth’s protective embrace, these vessels must endure extreme temperature fluctuations that range from searing heat in direct sunlight to bone-chilling cold in the shadows of celestial …

Introduction: The exploration of outer space has been one of humanity’s greatest achievements, driven by innovation and cutting-edge technology. At the heart of every successful space mission lies a complex and highly sophisticated system known as spacecraft avionics. These electronic systems serve as the lifeblood of aircraft, artificial satellites, and …