The Undersea Communication Dilemma Modern submarine operations are constrained by a long-standing limitation: radio frequency signals cannot effectively penetrate seawater. Acoustic communication systems, while useful over longer distances, are hampered by extremely low data rates—often no more than tens of kilobits per second. Traditional RF communications are limited to under …

Why Conventional Radars Fall Short Traditional microwave radars operate in straight lines, limiting their detection range to what is known as the radio horizon—just slightly beyond the optical horizon. This poses a significant challenge for early warning systems, especially when it comes to detecting threats that emerge beyond line-of-sight, such …