All modern forces depend on unimpeded access to, and use of, the EM spectrum in conducting military operations. Therefore, there is a requirement to gain and maintain an advantage in the electromagnetic spectrum by countering adversary’s systems and protecting one’s own systems. Adversary can disrupt and degrade the navigation systems …

The world’s oceans are vast and deep, and submarines have been a vital component of naval forces for decades. These underwater vessels can operate silently, dive to great depths, and strike from unexpected directions, making them an incredibly effective tool in modern warfare. However, the ability of submarines to remain …