A hydrogel is a three-dimensional (3D) network of hydrophilic polymers that can swell in water and hold a large amount of water while maintaining the structure due to chemical or physical cross-linking of individual polymer chains. Hydrogels were first reported by Wichterle and Lím (1960). By definition, water must constitute …

In recent years, high power fiber and semiconductor laser technology has improved rapidly, with power density increasing by an order of magnitude or more. Much of this increase has been driven by demand for industrial cutting machines and high-bandwidth, long-range telecommunications. These same laser materials and devices can also be …

Game theory is a theoretical framework for conceiving social situations among competing players. According to game theory, the actions and choices of all the participants affect the outcome of each. In some respects, game theory is the science of strategy, or at least the optimal decision-making of independent and competing …