Introduction: A Giant Leap from Tabletop to Microchip For more than four decades, titanium-sapphire (Ti:sapphire) lasers have served as the quiet workhorses behind breakthroughs in quantum optics, neuroscience, and metrology. Their value lies in their unparalleled gain bandwidth and the ability to generate femtosecond pulses—bursts of light so brief they …

Geothermal Power Market Outlook (2025–2034) Geothermal energy—once seen as a niche renewable—has entered a new era of global relevance. From next-generation drilling and heat exchange technologies to substantial investment surges and strategic defense deployments, the market is undergoing a transformative expansion. Global capacity is projected to reach 24 GW by …