Thermal countermeasures are essential defense technologies designed to protect military vehicles and aircraft from heat-seeking missiles and infrared-guided weaponry. Since the advent of heat-seeking missiles in the mid-20th century, military forces worldwide have focused on developing effective countermeasures to confuse, deflect, or obscure their heat signatures from enemy tracking systems. …

As the world becomes more dependent on precise navigation data for everything from military operations to autonomous vehicles and industrial systems, the vulnerabilities of traditional GNSS-based PNT solutions are becoming more apparent. Threats such as GPS jamming, spoofing, and cyberattacks are growing at an alarming rate, putting critical infrastructure at …