Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). The abbreviation SIGINT – Signals Intelligence – stands for collecting and analyzing of information from radar- and radio-signals. Because …
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Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the foundational building block of most modern electronic devices on which all of the other electronic components are assembled onto. A circuit card is a thin, flat piece of dielectric material that has conductive paths or traces etched on it. These conductive circuits – usually …
Read More »Microwave networks consist of many ports. For example, in phased arrays, which are used in 5G wireless communication in base stations, we often have systems that can even have 100s or 1000s of ports, input-output ports. We need to come up with a concept to describe much more complex microwave …
Read More »A system, whose output can be managed, controlled or regulated by varying its input is called Control System. If we look around, we will find many control systems in our surroundings i.e. Refrigerator, Air Conditions, Washing Machines etc. An automatic speed control system, also called cruise control, works by …
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Integrated circuits (ICs) are generally classified as digital (e.g. a microprocessor) or analog (e.g. an operational amplifier). Mixed-signal ICs are chips that contain both digital and analog circuits on a single semiconductor die. Mixed-signal ICs also process both analog and digital signals together. For example, an analog-to-digital converter is a …
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There has been exponential growth of space objects, including orbital debris that has increased the in-orbit collision risk. NASA estimates there are 21,000 objects orbiting Earth that are larger than 10 cm, 500,000 between 1 and 10 cm, and more than 100 million that are less than 1 cm. Orbital …
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In 1965 R&D Director at Fairchild (and later Intel co-founder) Gordon Moore predicted continued systemic declines in cost and increase in performance of integrated circuits in his paper “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits.”Moore’s Law which stated that the number of transistors on a chip will double approximately every two …
Read More »Industrial control system (ICS) is a collective term used to describe different types of control systems and associated instrumentation, which include the devices, systems, networks, and controls used to operate and/or automate industrial processes. ICS are typically used in industries such as electric, water and wastewater, oil and natural gas, transportation, …
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Technology has changed the world that we live in. Businesses have taken advantage of advances in technology in a multitude of ways, usually as a way to increase productivity or decrease operating costs. Consumer technology has made its way to the forefront of technical applications due to it’s incredible potential …
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Radar (radio detection and ranging) is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (ranging), angle, and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwave domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna …
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