The capacity of a wireless link is generally measured in bits per second per Hertz (b/s/Hz). The methods available to increase this capacity in a traditional Single Input, Single Output (SISO) wireless system are fairly limited: increase the bandwidth, allowing…
Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)—known also as intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), and large intelligent surface (LIS)—is a programmable structure that can be used to control the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves by changing the electric and magnetic properties of the surface.…
Car technology is rapidly increasing. What was once science fiction, is quickly becoming science fact. Smartphone connectivity, high-powered entertainment systems, navigation, interactive systems feedback, driver responsive performance – the list of advancements goes on. The software used in cars is…
Introduction Fly-by-wire (FBW) technology has revolutionized modern aviation by replacing traditional mechanical and hydraulic control systems with digital flight control computers (DFCCs). Unlike conventional systems, which rely on direct mechanical linkages or hydraulic actuators between the pilot’s controls and the…
As the complexity and volume of global digital data grow, so too does the need for more capable and compact means of processing and storing data. At present, traditional electronic devices based on semiconductor materials face severe challenges, not only…
Design in any discipline – electronics, mechanical, aerospace, etc. – begins with a specification that captures what the end product should do and essentially drives the entire development cycle. Verification is intended to check that a product, service, or system…
Digital Signal Processors (DSP) take real-world signals like voice, audio, video, temperature, pressure, or position that have been digitized and then mathematically manipulate them. Signals need to be processed so that the information that they contain can be displayed, analyzed,…
Traditionally, the satellite industry has relied on geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites that take years to build and require very expensive launches to deliver them to orbit. Satellite networks using geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO) are effective at providing stationary coverage…
Satellite communication systems consist of two main segments, the space segment and the earth or ground station. The ground station system coordinates the communication process with satellites in space. A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies…
Electronic Warfare EW, encompasses, in all battle phases, military actions involving the use of EM energy to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent hostile use of EM spectrum and the actions, which retain friendly use of the EM spectrum. EW consists…