NATO’s ‘Shield of Shields’: Modular GBAD and the Shift to Networked Air Defence Warfare

Introduction: Air Defence as a System-of-Systems Competition Air defence is undergoing a structural transformation. The proliferation of drones, cruise missiles, loitering munitions, and maneuverable ballistic threats has exposed a critical weakness in traditional ground-based air defence architectures: fragmentation. Systems designed as standalone national assets are increasingly unable to cope with saturation attacks, multi-vector threats, and…

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