Miniaturized Spectrometers: From Optical Benches to Embedded Intelligence

  Introduction: From Instruments to Invisible Intelligence Spectroscopy has long been one of the most powerful analytical capabilities in science and engineering—providing definitive insights into the composition, structure, and behavior of matter. For decades, however, this capability remained constrained by physics and engineering realities. Spectrometers were large, delicate, and energy-intensive systems, confined to laboratories, industrial…

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