Harvesting the Ocean’s Breath: Biofuel Cells, Persistent Power, and the Strategic Remapping of the Undersea Domain

Introduction: Powering Persistence in the Undersea Battlespace Beneath the surface of a warming and increasingly contested ocean lies one of the most consequential blind spots in global security and environmental governance. The undersea domain underwrites critical dimensions of modern power—strategic deterrence, subsea data cables, offshore energy systems, and the climate-regulating processes that shape planetary stability….

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