Cryogenics is the study of the production of extremely cold temperatures and is a field of science that looks at what happens when materials, whether metals or gases, are exposed to very low temperatures. The range of temperature associated with cryogenics does tend to vary but is usually associated with …

The mineral scarcity and rising prices of gold, copper and rare earth minerals is creating great interest among many nations for deep ocean mineral mining. The oceans, which cover seventy percent of our earth’s surface are believed to be able to satisfy our need of minerals like gold, copper, silver, …

All over the world Cyber attacks are becoming increasing in number and sophistication. Many organizations in Europe and the US have been crippled by a ransomware attack such as “Petya” ,  WannaCry or WannaCrypt ransomware attack affected more than 230,000 computers in over 150 countries.  Number of incidents such as …

Antennas are our electronic eyes and ears on the world. They play a very important role in mobile networks, satellite communications system, military communications, radars and electronic warfare by transforming a Radiofrequency ( RF) signal, traveling on a conductor, into an electromagnetic wave in free space and vice versa. The …

Brazil is the largest and most important nation in South America, with 35 percent of its total population, 47 percent of its total size, and nearly half of its total GDP. It is the largest and most populous country in the continent; and it benefits from a favourable geographic position, …

Traditionally, we have designed machines to handle well-defined, high-volume or high-speed tasks, freeing humans to focus on problems of ever-increasing complexity. In the 1950s and 1960s, early computers were automating tedious or laborious tasks. It was during this era that scientists realized it was possible to simulate human intelligence and …

Laser attacks targeting pilots and air crews are a major concern across the world with most attacks reported to take place during take-off and landing. According to figures from the US Federal Aviation Authority, there were 6,753 laser illuminations reported in 2017. Until recently, the expense of lasers had limited their use …

Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes items that must be worn in combat and in training. Military personal protective equipment has become a crucial and standard element of soldier equipment. Increasing awareness about safety and security of military personals along with initiative by government in procurement of personal protective wears is …

Landmines are a global threat. Several countries suffer from the existence of millions of buried landmines in their territories. These landmines have indefinite life, and may still cause horrific personal injuries and economic dislocation for decades after a war has finished. Landmines came into widespread use in the Second World …