The Connected Factory Under Siege: Cyber Warfare in Manufacturing Systems (2025–2026 Update)

Introduction: From Digital Transformation to Digital Battlespace The vision of Industry 4.0 promised intelligent, autonomous, and hyper-connected factories. By 2026, that vision has largely materialized—but so has a far more dangerous reality: the factory floor has become a contested cyber battlespace. The convergence of IT, operational technology (OT), cloud, Industrial IoT (IIoT), and AI-driven analytics…

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