US Navy’s Autonomous surface vehicle, ACTUV developed to track quiet diesel-electric submarines, successfully navigated autonomously

China, Russia and North Korea are looking to develop their submarine fleets . Russia is seeking to further bolster its sub-surface capabilities, with new generations of conventional and nuclear propulsion submarines, which promise to be significantly more difficult to detect and track for western naval forces. This includes the Yasen, Lada, Borei and Kalina classes of submarines. According to some estimates, Beijing’s diesel-electric submarine fleet could grow from roughly fifty in 2016 to seventy-five in 2030.