Future Energy Supply: The Hybridization of Renewable Technologies

In today’s world, energy consumption is estimated at 12 billion tons of oil equivalent (TOE), with projections suggesting a potential two- to threefold increase by the beginning of the 22nd century. Simultaneously, fossil fuel reserves—comprising oil, coal, and natural gas—are depleting, and their extraction costs are climbing. Presently, around 78–80% of global commercial energy is…