OverallassessmentofChina’sinnovationsystem
R&D expenditures growing, but still low, especially in business sector. Structure of R&D system improving, but system still not operating efficiently. Universities a small share of national R&D and conduct relatively little basic research. Industry’s innovative outputs (patents, new products and services) low compared to R&D inputs. Domestic enterprise sector weak contributor to innovation. Mobility of human resources remains a concern, but educational output improving.

China’s National R&D Plans: A Path to Global Science, Technology, and Military Innovation

China’s remarkable rise as a global leader in science, technology, and military innovation represents a paradigm shift in the global innovation landscape. Once perceived as a technologically backward nation, China has transformed into a highly advanced technology powerhouse, striving to lead in almost every conceivable field—from artificial intelligence (AI) and space exploration to military technologies…

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