Photonic sensors have undergone a remarkable transformation—from specialized optical components to a projected $34.8 billion global market by 2025. Today, they form the backbone of advanced threat detection, industrial safety systems, and biomedical diagnostics. Unlike conventional electronic sensors, photonic sensors rely on light—specifically photons—to detect molecular signatures, structural anomalies, and …

Introduction: The Hypersonic Revolution Hypersonic flight—defined as speeds exceeding Mach 5, or 3,836 mph (6,200 km/h)—has moved from the realm of science fiction to the forefront of aerospace engineering. Central to this leap is scramjet, or supersonic combustion ramjet, propulsion: a technology capable of transforming military power, redefining space access, …