Cyber warfare refers to the strategic use of technology to attack nations, governments, or individuals, causing disruption and damage comparable to traditional warfare. Over the years, it has evolved into a complex battleground where both state and non-state actors deploy sophisticated cyber weapons to compromise critical infrastructure such as power …

Introduction Microfluidics has emerged as a transformative technology, enabling precise manipulation of fluids at the microscale. Its integration with BioMEMS (Bio-Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems), artificial intelligence (AI), and multi-modal biosensing has revolutionized biomedical applications, including synthetic biology, drug discovery, and point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Recent advancements in microfabrication techniques, such as single-mask photolithography, …